{"id":1109,"date":"2018-10-28T09:17:56","date_gmt":"2018-10-28T03:47:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/?p=1109"},"modified":"2018-11-13T07:09:54","modified_gmt":"2018-11-13T01:39:54","slug":"flora-2-an-expressive-knowledge-representation-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/2018\/10\/28\/flora-2-an-expressive-knowledge-representation-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Flora-2: An Expressive Knowledge Representation System"},"content":{"rendered":"

I am always on the lookout for a good Knowledge Representation (KR)<\/strong><\/em> system that facilitates modeling and reasoning about real-world knowledge. I have experience with\u00a0KnowledgeWorks<\/i><\/b><\/a>\u00a0available in LispWorks<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0since I have used it in a few projects. I have also taken a cursory look at PowerLoom<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0and Racer<\/strong><\/em><\/a>. Last week, I came across Flora-2<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0and its commercial counterpart ErgoAI<\/strong><\/em><\/a>\u00a0from Coherent Knowledge<\/strong><\/em>, and decided to check out Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> first. ErgoAI<\/strong><\/em> adds several extra capabilities on top of Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> and comes with a 90-day trial license. I hope to experiment with that product later.<\/p>\n

Here are some of the attractive features of Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\n

\n

* Crisp, expressive syntax<\/span><\/p>\n

* Partitioning knowledge through module system<\/span><\/p>\n

* Frames and Object IDs<\/span><\/p>\n

* Object-orientation with multiple inheritance<\/span><\/p>\n

* Higher-order syntax<\/span><\/p>\n

* Reification<\/span><\/p>\n

* Transaction logic<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

I downloaded and installed the Windows version from here<\/a><\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

Installation went smoothly (I did not use the default installation directory, but chose a different one for practical reasons).<\/p>\n

To start the program, we have to execute runflora.bat<\/strong> <\/em>located in the flora2<\/strong><\/em> directory. I usually launch the application by double clicking on this file from my File Explorer<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

Here is the command shell:<\/p>\n

\"Flora<\/a>
Flora Interactive Terminal<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

We type in commands and queries at the flora2<\/strong><\/em> prompt and the system responds accordingly.<\/p>\n

Before we proceed further, of course, we need a Knowledge Base<\/strong><\/em> (KB)<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0to work with. After considering a few areas, I finally chose an example from Homeopathy<\/strong><\/em><\/a>. I practise homeopathy and have even written a repertorization software called iCure<\/strong><\/em><\/a> many years ago. Therefore, I know the challenges in modelling remedy characteristics and felt it would be a good idea to see how Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> can help in this task.<\/p>\n

A word of caution is appropriate here. I am quite raw when it comes to Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>, and even though I have gone through the documentation a couple of times, I still feel I haven’t understood some of the finer features of the language. I am sure my modeling capabilities will improve as I spend more time with the product. Nevertheless, I am happy with what I have been able to achieve so far!<\/p>\n

The example I have chosen is from the excellent book Pointers to the Common Remedies<\/strong><\/em> by Dr. M.L.Tyler<\/strong><\/em><\/a>. This is a mini therapeutics handbook and has chapters covering several ailments. I have attempted to model 4 remedies from the section Acute Rheumatism (Adults)<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

Let us look at my rendering of the remedy Aconite<\/strong><\/em>:<\/p>\n

\"Modeling<\/a>
Modelling Aconite<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The representation I am using is called a F<\/strong>rame<\/strong><\/em> (actually, a data frame<\/strong><\/em> in this case). This format allows us to conveniently and succinctly capture different properties of an object. The object we are talking about is Aconite(Rheumatism(adult))<\/strong><\/em>. Those familiar with homeopathy know that the same remedy can cure many ailments if the specific characteristics are present in each case. What this means is the remedy Aconite<\/strong><\/em> can cure not just Rheumatism<\/strong><\/em> as in this example, but other ailments such as Cough<\/strong><\/em>, Fever<\/strong><\/em>, Measles<\/strong><\/em>, etc., provided the symptoms agree<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

So, I decided to add a qualifier<\/strong><\/em> to each remedy, indicating the specific ailment we are modelling. Thus, we can have frames<\/strong><\/em> for Aconite(Cough)<\/strong><\/em>, Aconite(Cough(Children))<\/strong><\/em>,\u00a0Aconite(Fever)<\/strong><\/em>, and so on.\u00a0The qualifier can be complex.<\/span><\/p>\n

Now, looking inside the frame<\/strong><\/em> structure, we have several attributes<\/strong><\/em> (or properties<\/strong><\/em>) describing the object being talked about. Each of these attributes describes the characteristics<\/strong><\/em> and modalities<\/strong><\/em> of the remedy that would make it applicable to the current situation. For example, in the case of Aconite<\/strong><\/em> (in the context of adult rheumatism<\/strong><\/em>), a person who requires this remedy (as opposed to another, say Nux Vomica<\/strong><\/em>) is likely to have high fever<\/strong><\/em>, inflamed joints<\/strong><\/em>, affected parts being swollen and sensitive to touch<\/strong><\/em>, and is likely to be mentally anxious and restless<\/strong><\/em>. It is also likely that the ailment started after<\/strong><\/em> the patient\u00a0got exposed to cold air<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

I hope you can see the characteristics of the remedy quite clearly in this representation. That is the power of a highly expressive<\/strong><\/em> KR system such as Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>. Of course, I would be able to describe this same knowledge directly in Prolog<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, but it wouldn’t be this crisp. Indeed, Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> converts this representation into an underlying Prolog<\/strong><\/em> format (XSB Prolog<\/strong><\/em><\/a>), but that is not important to the modeller, since it is a matter of implementation detail (although it does give us an idea of the kind of reasoning we can do with the system).<\/p>\n

Let us look at another remedy Bryonia<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"Modelling<\/a>
Modelling Bryonia<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

You can see that this remedy has some attributes in common with Aconite<\/strong><\/em>, but there are some new attributes too. For example, Bryonia<\/strong><\/em> typically affects synovial membranes<\/strong><\/em> (joints, pleura, pericardium <\/strong><\/em>and meninges<\/strong><\/em>). A patient requiring Bryonia<\/strong><\/em> is likely to be mentally irritable<\/strong><\/em> (unlike restlessness<\/strong><\/em> and anxiety<\/strong><\/em> of Aconite<\/strong><\/em>), with a white coated tongue<\/strong><\/em> and would keep drinking a lot of water<\/strong><\/em>. One similarity with Aconite<\/strong><\/em> is that the affected part is inflamed<\/strong><\/em> in this case too.<\/p>\n

There are two convincing reasons why this representation is preferable to natural language representation:<\/p>\n

\n

* It is much more readable<\/span><\/p>\n

* It is possible to do formal reasoning with this representation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The descriptions of other two remedies Nux Vomica<\/strong><\/em> and Colchicum<\/strong><\/em> also follow same format, and hence there is no need to go into the details. However, a minor aspect regarding the description of Num Vomica<\/strong><\/em> might be worth mentioning. See below.<\/p>\n

\"Modelling<\/a>
Modelling Nux Vomica<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The attributes lumbago<\/strong><\/em> and vertigo<\/strong><\/em> are essentially boolean<\/strong><\/em> valued. I could have written them as l<\/strong>umbago -> true<\/strong><\/em> and v<\/strong>ertigo -> true<\/strong><\/em>, but that is not necessary. This is another nice feature in Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>. The attributes can be as simple as such boolean attributes, or they can be complex functions (read the documentation<\/a> for details).<\/p>\n

Having discussed the representation of remedy characteristics, I want to touch upon another interesting aspect of the model. We saw that Bryonia<\/strong><\/em> affects synovial membranes,<\/strong><\/em> for example, pleura<\/strong><\/em>. So if we want to find out which remedies have affinity for pleura<\/strong><\/em>, we want to get those remedies that have affinity for synovial membranes<\/strong><\/em>. How do we represent this knowledge?<\/p>\n

We can easily write a rule<\/strong><\/em> in Flora-2 to capture this:<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>
A Rule<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Such an elegant syntax! We will see how this is useful when I show examples of querying the KB<\/strong><\/em> in Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

OK. Let us now see how to load our KB<\/strong><\/em> into Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> system and ask queries.<\/p>\n

We can load a KB<\/strong><\/em> by enclosing the full pathname in square brackets, followed by a period (“.”<\/strong><\/em>) in the Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> prompt. See the following figure:<\/p>\n

\"Loading<\/a>
Loading A KB File<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Now that the KB<\/strong><\/em> file is loaded, we can pose queries about the KB<\/strong><\/em>. Let us start with a simple query: What are the “Rheumatism” remedies?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\n

?rem(Rheumatism(?_))[].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The question mark denotes a variable<\/strong><\/em>. If it is followed by an identifier, then the variable will have a binding when the query is satisfied by the KB<\/strong><\/em>. A question mark that stands by itself, or is followed by “_”<\/strong><\/em> is an anonymous<\/strong><\/em> variable: it will match anything that occurs in that place but it will not be bound to any value. It is convenient to use such an anonymous variable when we are not interested to know what it matches.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

So, in the above query, we are interested in the name of the remedy, but not what type of Rheumatic<\/strong><\/em> remedy it is – whether it is for adults or children, etc. When I enter this query in Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> prompt, this is what I get:<\/p>\n

\"Answer<\/a>
Answer to Query-1<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n

\u00a0<\/span>Next\u00a0query:<\/strong> ?rem(?_)[affinity_for -> synovial_membrane].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

This translates to: Find all remedies (Rheumatism or otherwise) that have affinity for the synovial membrane<\/strong><\/em>. Here is the answer:<\/p>\n

\"Answer<\/a>
Answer to Query-2<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n

Third question:<\/strong> ?rem(?_)[pain -> {stitching}, part -> {inflamed}].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

I suppose you can guess the question: Which are the remedies that have stitching pains, with\u00a0inflammation of affected parts?<\/i><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Answer<\/a>
Answer to Query-3<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The system correctly determines that Bryonia<\/strong><\/em> is the matching remedy.<\/p>\n

\n

A tricky question this time:<\/strong> ?rem(?_)[affinity_for -> pleura].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Guessed the question?: Which remedies have affinity for “pleura”?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

The reason this question is tricky and interesting is because there is no direct<\/strong><\/em> match of attribute values in KB<\/strong><\/em>. The query will be satisfied only if the system can determine that any remedy that has affinity for synovial membrane<\/strong><\/em> will have affinity for pleura<\/strong><\/em>. If you remember, we have explicitly added such a rule to the KB<\/strong><\/em> to facilitate this type of reasoning. Therefore, Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> has no problem in determining the correct response:<\/p>\n

\"Answer<\/a>
Answer to Query-4<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Quite nice, isn’t it?<\/p>\n

\n

Here is our last question:<\/strong> ?rem[? -> {face -> hot}, ? -> {chilly}].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

This is also an interesting question. We are asking for remedies that have face->hot<\/strong><\/em> and chilly<\/strong><\/em> for some set of attributes, without mentioning the names of the attributes. This saves some typing, but this is a weak<\/strong><\/em> question and might match irrelevant remedies if we are not careful. I am giving this example to show how much flexibility exists in Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>‘s query formulation. Here is the answer:<\/p>\n

\"Answer<\/a>
Answer to Query-5<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Now that we are done interacting with Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>, let us quit the system. To quit the interactive session, type “\\halt.”<\/strong><\/em> at the prompt.<\/p>\n

\"Quitting<\/a>
Quitting Flora-2 Session<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When you go through my KB<\/strong><\/em> model<\/a>, you will find that I have only used the basic<\/strong><\/em> features of Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>. No object-orientation<\/strong><\/em> and no other exotic<\/strong><\/em> feature! Other advanced features might be applicable when modelling more complex domains and problems. It is even possible that if I start looking at other remedies and other ailments discussed in the book, I might find more interesting ways to model remedy characteristics. That is precisely how the real-world model evolves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

At this point, I do not know how Flora-2<\/strong> <\/em>performs in the context of large knowledge bases. If I were to convert the entire book of M.L.<\/strong>Tyler <\/strong><\/em>(that I have been discussing) into Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> syntax, I expect it will result in a few hundred remedy descriptions. Can Flora-2<\/strong><\/em> handle those well? Maybe ErgoAI<\/strong><\/em> can? No idea. But that is not important for now.<\/p>\n

Overall, I am quite impressed with\u00a0Flora-2<\/strong><\/em>. I am hoping that in the next several weeks, I will find the time to model other interesting problems using the system, and perhaps even write my own program to interact with Flora-2<\/strong> engine<\/strong><\/em> instead of going through the interactive console that comes as default. So keep watching this space!<\/p>\n

You can download my homeopathy KB<\/strong><\/em> here<\/strong><\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Have a nice weekend!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I am always on the lookout for a good Knowledge Representation (KR) system that facilitates modeling and reasoning about real-world knowledge. I have experience with\u00a0KnowledgeWorks\u00a0available in LispWorks\u00a0since I have used it in a few projects. I have also taken a cursory look at PowerLoom\u00a0and Racer. Last week, I came across Flora-2\u00a0and its commercial counterpart ErgoAI\u00a0from […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[169,22,162,17],"tags":[165,164,25,163,166,148,167],"class_list":["post-1109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-flora-2","category-homeopathy","category-knowledge-representation","category-programming","tag-ergoai","tag-flora-2","tag-homeopathy","tag-knowledge-representation","tag-knowledgeworks","tag-prolog","tag-xsb-prolog"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p9OLnF-hT","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1146,"url":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/2018\/11\/04\/modeling-homeopathic-remedy-keynotes-in-flora-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":1109,"position":0},"title":"Modeling Homeopathic Remedy Keynotes in Flora-2","author":"admin","date":"November 4, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"In my last post, I got started with Flora-2 and showed how we can model homeopathic remedies from a therapeutics perspective. Although such a limited view of remedies can be helpful in treating acute ailments, for treating chronic diseases, a comprehensive understanding of the various remedies from the perspective of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Flora-2"","block_context":{"text":"Flora-2","link":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/category\/flora-2\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Multiple Frames for Same Remedy","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Multiple-defn.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Multiple-defn.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Multiple-defn.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1229,"url":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/2018\/11\/21\/flora-2-and-acupuncture\/","url_meta":{"origin":1109,"position":1},"title":"Flora-2 and Acupuncture","author":"admin","date":"November 21, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"In my previous post\u00a0I gave examples of modeling homeopathy remedies using Flora-2. Today I want to show an example from a completely different domain namely,\u00a0Acupuncture.Acupuncture is an ancient system of Chinese medicine and is practised in many countries. It is based on the principle that our body has several meridians,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Acupuncture"","block_context":{"text":"Acupuncture","link":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/category\/acupuncture\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Sanzhen Therapy","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Fig6.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1202,"url":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/2018\/11\/12\/simulating-possible-worlds-in-flora-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":1109,"position":2},"title":"Simulating Possible Worlds in Flora-2","author":"admin","date":"November 12, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"The idea of encountering different worlds with varying truths is an interesting one. It has deep connections to philosophy and logic. For a nice discussion, see this article. Today, we are going to take advantage of Flora-2's module system to simulate possible worlds. Flora-2 allows us to dynamically associate any\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Flora-2"","block_context":{"text":"Flora-2","link":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/category\/flora-2\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Modal Operators","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Modal-Operators.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Modal-Operators.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Modal-Operators.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":3660,"url":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/11\/using-claude-to-generate-rdf-triples\/","url_meta":{"origin":1109,"position":3},"title":"Using Claude to Generate RDF Triples","author":"admin","date":"April 11, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"We all know that LLMs are now capable of generating structured data. I have used OpenAI models earlier to generate Tables and JSON data, but this time I wanted to try a more complex example.\u00a0 As someone interested in Homeopathy, I wanted to generate remedy descriptions as RDF triples, in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Homeopathy"","block_context":{"text":"Homeopathy","link":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/category\/homeopathy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Lycopodium TTL Format","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Lyco-300x232.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Lyco-300x232.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Lyco-300x232.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2960,"url":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/2022\/12\/08\/are-rule-based-systems-still-relevant-today\/","url_meta":{"origin":1109,"position":4},"title":"Are Rule-Based Systems Still Relevant Today?","author":"admin","date":"December 8, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"Before Machine Learning came into the mainstream, Rule-based systems were being used actively to solve complex decision making problems. In fact, Rule engines were considered to be an exotic component of Artificial Intelligence and the systems built using these rule engines were called Expert Systems. I still remember learning to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Knowledge Representation"","block_context":{"text":"Knowledge Representation","link":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/category\/knowledge-representation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Gathering Symptom Information","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.rangakrish.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Screen1-300x187.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2832,"url":"https:\/\/www.rangakrish.com\/index.php\/2022\/06\/12\/definite-clause-grammars-in-lisp-part-4\/","url_meta":{"origin":1109,"position":5},"title":"Definite Clause Grammars in Lisp – Part 4","author":"admin","date":"June 12, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"In a series of articles\u00a0written earlier, I had shown how it is possible to model Definite Clause Grammars (DCG) in LispWorks Lisp (Enterprise Edition). We use defgrammar\u00a0in Common Prolog (available as part of KnowledgeWorks package) to define our grammar rules. 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